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Nonverbal communication can be divided into several categories: facial expressions, head movements, hand and arm gestures, physical space, touching, eye contact, and physical postures.

Facial expressions

• Although smiling is an expression of happiness in most cultures, it can also signify other emotions. Some Chinese, for example may smile when they are discussing something sad or uncomfortable.

• Winking has very different connotations in different cultures. In some Latin American cultures, winking is a romantic or sexual invitation. In Nigeria, Yorubas may wink at their children if they want them to leave the room. Many Chinese consider winking to be rude.

• In Hong Kong, it is important not to blink one’s eyes conspicuously, as this may be seen as a sign of disrespect and boredom.

• Some Filipinos will point to an object by shifting their eyes toward it or pursing their lips and point with their mouth, rather than using their hands.

• Some Venezuelans may use their lips to point at something, because pointing with a finger is impolite.

• Expressions of pain or discomfort such as crying are also specific to various cultures; some cultures may value a stoic affect while others may encourage a more emotive state. Expressions of pain or discomfort are also learned from one’s family illness experiences, expressions, and idioms of distress.